hazards of blood transfusion

 

                                  7.HAZARDS OF BLOOD TRANFUSION

Complications of whole blood transfusion

1.       Hemolytic reaction due to red cell incompatibility

2.       Transmission of certain diseases like hepatitis malaria, AIDS, Syphilis etc.,

3.       Transient hyperkalemia followed by hypokalemia

4.       Hypocalcemia

5.       Volume overload

6.       Bacterial contamination

7.       Thrombophlebitis

8.       Air embolismEffect of mismatched blood transfusion

Mismatching refers to transfusion of incompatible blood groups

a.       Mild hemolytic reaction

Aggultination

↓

                        Hemolysis

↓

Bilirubin

↓

Jaundice

a.       Severe immediate hemolytic reaction

Wide spread agglutination leads to development of following signs and symptoms.

1.       Chill and rigors

2.       Fever and headache

3.       Breathlessness

4.       Chest pain and abdominal pain

5.       Nausea and vomiting

6.       Joint pain

7.       Circulatory shock (due to release of histamine and other vasodilators)

Feathers of post shock phase

8.       Hemolysis of agglutinated cells

9.       Release of hemoglobin and its excretion into the urine

10.   Jaundice

11.   Anemia

12.   Renal shut down due to precipitation of Hb in the renal tubules

13.   Hyperkalemia and uraemia

b.      Delayed hemolytic reaction:

1.       Occurs 3days to 3weeks after transfusion only as 1 in 3200 transfusions

2.       Antibodies that develop against donor cells cause agglutination and hemolysis

3.       Symptoms are often mild or absent.